Cjelina 7: Transport i putovanje

⚙️ 7 | 1 | Lekcija 1: Moje putovanje – Gramatika

Where to and where at

James Grammar practice

☰ Verbs in -ovati / -evati / -ivati

In this Lesson you encountered several new verbs: napredovati (to make progress) putovati (to travel), ljetovati (to spend summer vacation), and zimovati (to spend winter vacation). What is important about these verbs is that verbs, like putovati, zimovati, ljetovati, all express an action that repeats or lasts for a longer period of time (i.e. you will spend some time traveling to a certain destination; you will spend a certain number of days in a location for your summer vacation). So far you learned verbs such as:

  • gled–ati (ja gledam)
  • kup–iti (ja kupim)
  • vol–jeti (ja volim)

New verbs

All new introduced in this lesson will have a new conjugation pattern. Look at their pattern in: napredovati, putovati, ljetovati, zimovati. For all these verbs, we:

  • need to cut the final -ti,
  • then their infix -ova- will transform into -u-, and finally
  • we will add the endings:

Napredovati (napred-ovati)

audio pronoun verb form
ja napred-u-jem
ti napred-u-ješ
on/ona/ono napred-u-je
mi napred-u-jemo
vi napred-u-jete
oni/one/ona napred-u-ju

Putovati (put-ovati)

audio pronoun verb form
ja put-u-jem
ti put-u-ješ
on/ona/ono put-u-je
mi put-u-jemo
vi put-u-jete
oni/one/ona put-u-ju

Zimovati (zim-ovati)

audio pronoun verb form
ja zim-u-jem
ti zim-u-ješ
on/ona/ono zim-u-je
mi zim-u-jemo
vi zim-u-jete
oni/one/ona zim-u-ju

Ljetovati (ljet-ovati)

audio pronoun verb form
ja ljet-u-jem
ti ljet-u-ješ
on/ona/ono ljet-u-je
mi ljet-u-jemo
vi ljet-u-jete
oni/one/ona ljet-u-ju

What case to use with these new verbs?

Verb + Case:

  • napredovati (na) > Locative case
  • ljetovati (u/na) > Locative case (where at – your location)
  • zimovati (u/na) > Locative case (where at – your location)
  • putovati (u/na) > Accusative case (where to – your destination)

❓ Where to and Where at

How do you distinguish the difference, and know when to use: kamo (where to) and gdje (where at)?

Kamo?

If you want to ask where someone is going for a vacation (a motion toward a certain destination), you will need to ask: Kamo putuješ?

  • Kamo putuješ?
  • – Ja putujem u Split. (Verb putovati will follow by a preposition u/na + the Accusative case)

Gdje?

If you want to ask where someone is spending their [summer] holidays (where they are located), you will need to ask: Gdje ljetuješ?

  • Gdje ljetuješ?
  • – Ja ljetujem u Splitu. (Verb ljetovati will follow by a preposition u/na + the Locative case)

🖇️ The Verbal Noun

We already talked about verbal nouns in Croatian. Usually, a verbal noun derives from a transitive verb (a verb that is followed by the Accusative case). There are several endings that can be used to create a verbal noun. However, for now we will still look only at the most common ending in creating a verbal noun: ending –nje.

Look at the following questions from today’s lesson:

  • Koje je tvoje idealno putovanje? [What is your ideal trip?]
  • Kamo putuješ na zimovanje? [Where will you spend your winter vacation?]
  • Kamo putuješ na ljetovanje? [Where will you spend your summer vacation?]

Usually, verbal nouns will still indicate a certain action involved (traveling, studying, etc.). In this lesson we encountered some vacation actions that will very often be expressed in the form of a verbal noun.

Trees, Winter, Snow

zimovati > zimovanje

Beach, Ocean, Shore

ljetovati > ljetovanje

All these verbs end in -ati. Thus, the verbal nouns will have the ending -a-nje (putov-a-nje, zimov-a-nje, ljetov-a-nje).

books and laptop

učiti > učenje

cruise ship

krstariti > krstarenje

However, if a verb ends in -iti, the verb will have the ending -e-nje (uč-e-nje, krstar-e-nje, paničar-e-nje).

👨‍💻 Practice

What did we learn?

7.1.1 Zadatak 1: Glagoli

Complete each sentence with the appropriate verb and in the correct form. Choose one of the following verbs:

  • napredovati, ljetovati, zimovati, putovati

7.1.1 Zadatak 2: Gramatika

7.1 Zadatak 3. Kamo ili gdje?

Complete each sentence by using kamo or gdje.

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