Cjelina 4: Umjetna inteligencija
🔗 4 | 1 | Gramatika: Pasiv, 1. dio
Was invented, was founded…
When we want to express that something was built or founded or invented – we need to use the Passive Voice. Keep in mind, the passive voice is not that widely used in everyday speech. However, it is very common in official written documents, news articles, and official speech. In today’s lesson you have encountered two verbs in their passive form: osnovati (to establish) and izumiti (to invent).
The passive voice
It can only be created from verbs that take the Accusative case. For now, we will focus on the passive voice that is created by using the verb biti in its present tense form and the passive form of the main verb. The passive form of the verb is usually created from the infinitive form, and reflects grammatical information, like gender (masculine, neuter, feminine) and number (singular and plural) because it needs to agree with the subject of the sentence. See an example below:
- Active sentence: Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak i Ronald Wayne su osnovali Apple 1976.
- In the active sentence, the subjects are Jobs, Wozniak, and Wayne. Because the subject is plural (“they”), the verb is also in the plural form (su osnovali). The object of the sentence is Apple (What did they found? They founded Apple).
- Passive sentence: Apple je osnovan 1976.
- In the passive sentence, the object of the active sentence (Apple) becomes the subject. For that reason, the verb in the passive voice must agree in gender and number with the new subject (Apple). Here, Apple is masculine singular, so the correct form is je osnovan.
🔶 Verbs that end in –ati
Most of the verbs that end in –ati will have the following structure in passive form. Let’s use the verb OSNOV-A-TI as an example:
| number | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | osnova-n | osnova-na | osnova-no |
| plural | osnova-ni | osnova-ne | osnova-na |
Here are several examples showing each gender and number:
MASCULINE SINGULAR
- Apple je osnovan 1976.
- Apple was founded in 1976.
FEMININE SINGULAR
- Tvrtka Nokia je osnovana 1865.
- The company Nokia was founded in 1865.
NEUTER SINGULAR
- Poduzeće je osnovano prošle godine.
- The enterprise was founded last year.
MASCULINE PLURAL
- Microsoft i Google su osnovani u 20. stoljeću.
- Microsoft and Google were founded in the 20th century.
FEMININE PLURAL
- Mnoge tehnološke kompanije su osnovane u Kaliforniji.
- Many technology companies were founded in California.
NEUTER PLURAL
- Start-up poduzeća su osnovana u zadnjih deset godina.
- Start-up companies were founded in the last ten years.
🔷 Verbs that end in –iti
The verbs that end in –iti can take two different types of endings for the passive construction.
| gender/number | type #1 | type #2 |
|---|---|---|
| masc. singular | –en | –jen |
| fem. singular | –ena | –jena |
| neut. singular | –eno | –jeno |
| masc. plural | –eni | –jeni |
| fem. plural | –ene | –jene |
| neut. plural | –ena | –jena |
Type #1
Let’s use the verb OTVOR-ITI as an example:
| number | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | otvor-en | otvor-ena | otvor-eno |
| plural | otvor-eni | otvor-ene | otvor-ena |
Here are several examples showing each gender in singular form:
MASCULINE SINGULAR
- Muzej je otvoren 2003.
- The museum was opened in 2003.
FEMININE SINGULAR
- Galerija je otvorena 1905. godine.
- The gallery was opened in 1905.
NEUTER SINGULAR
- Kino je otvoreno 2008. godine.
- The movie theater was opened in 2008.
Type #2
In Type #2 verbs, a sound change often occurs when forming the passive voice. Let’s use the verb IZGRAD-ITI as an example. When we add the masculine ending -jen to the stem of the verb izgraditi (izgrad–), the letter –d–, when combined with the letter –j– (izgrad+jen), will result in a sound change, producing the new sound –đ– that appears in the passive form.
| number | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | izgra-đ-en | izgra-đ-ena | izgra-đ-eno |
| plural | izgra-đ-eni | izgra-đ-ene | izgra-đ-eno |
MASCULINE SINGULAR
- Paviljon je izgrađen 1898.
- The pavilion was built in 1898.
FEMININE SINGULAR
- Palača je izgrađena oko 300. godine.
- The palace was built around the year 300.
NEUTER SINGULAR
- Sveučilište je izgrađeno 1088.
- The university was built in 1088.
| number | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | izum-L-jen | izum-L-jena | izum-L-jeno |
| plural | izum-L-jeni | izum-L-jene | izum-L-jena |
‼️ The same pattern occurs with verbs whose stem ends in –b,–p, –m, or –v.
- izgubiti → Mobitel je igubljen. (The phone was lost.)
- obnoviti → Stan je obnovljen. (The apartment was renovated.)
- kupiti → Telefon je kupljen. (The phone was bought.)
- izumiti → iPhone je izumljen. (The iPhone was invented.)
👨💻 Practice
What did we learn…
4.1 Zadatak 1: Glagoli na –ati
Complete the sentences using the passive voice. Use each verb only once.
- programirati, testirati, organizirati, kreirati, održati
4.1 Zadatak 2: Glagoli na –iti
Complete the sentences using the passive voice. Use each verb only once.
- izumiti, objaviti, projektirati, izgraditi, obnoviti, otvoriti, zatvoriti
4.1 Zadatak 3: Glagoli na –ati i –iti
Complete the sentences using the passive voice. Use each verb only once.
- pokrenuti, izumiti, obrisati, razviti, objaviti, instalirati
